Gothic architecture originated in France and became wildly popular throughout Europe from the 12th century to the 15th century. Prior to Gothic architecture, most churches were Romanesque in style and featured thick walls, small windows and rounded arches.
Gothic architecture revolutionized church design by allowing churches to be larger, taller and filled with rainbows of light from large stained glass windows.
Washington National Cathedral is the sixth-largest Cathedral in the world and was built in a 14th Century English Gothic design. The first Episcopal bishop of Washington, the Right Rev. Henry Yates Satterlee, decreed that Gothic was God’s preferred architectural stye.
Most Gothic churches are built facing West, in the shape of a cross. The central part of the Cathedral is called the nave; the two arms of the cross are called transepts and the head of the cross is called the apse.
Arches
One of the most visually distinct elements of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch, employed in everything from arched ceilings to door frames and large pointed windows. Pointed arches are often associated with Gothic architecture, but were actually used much earlier in Islamic and Middle Eastern architecture.
The loftiness of the pointed arches also draw the eye upward and contribute to the Gothic style of verticality and soaring heights. Arched Gothic windows typically contain one or more individual vertical panes called lancets; the name derives from their association with the pointed devices used in medicine.
Boss stones
In the Cathedral’s spectacular vaulted ceiling, round boss stones are key structural and decorative elements. Each stone in the center of the arch functions like a keystone; without these load-bearing stones, the massive weight of the ceiling could not be suspended for such immense spans. Across the Cathedral, there are some 762 boss stones (the largest weighs 5 tons), and only the 14th-century cathedral in Norwich, England, has more carved boss stones.
Starting in the west end and working toward the High Altar at the east end, the boss stones depict theological statements from the Nicene Creed and Apostles’ Creed, staring with “I believe in God the Father Almighty” and ending with “I believe in the life of the world to come.” Just as the stones provide the structural support for the sacred space, the statements on those keystones reflect the theological backbone of the Cathedral.
Buttresses
The flying buttress is one of the most recognizable elements of Gothic church architecture. The buttresses resist the outward push of the interior arches and vaulted ceiling that would push a wall outward, and redirect those forces down into the ground.
In other words, the buttresses take the weight of the roof and the vaulted ceiling that would normally put pressure on the walls. Rather than push the walls out, the buttresses take that weight and redirect it down into the ground.
Flying buttresses “fly” because the buttress is not in contact with the wall all the way to the ground; the lateral forces are transmitted across an intervening space. Flying buttresses have two key parts: a massive vertical masonry pier on the outside of the building, and an arch that bridges the gap between the buttress and the wall of the Cathedral.
Some of the building elements that suffered the most damage as a result of the 2011 earthquake were the six flying buttresses on the Cathedral’s east end. When construction began in 1907, there was no reinforcement used between stones. The seismic motion caused stones in the buttresses to shift and separate and loosen. Those buttresses are now completely restored.
Gargoyles and grotesques
A stone building’s biggest enemy is water, which can seep into cracks and damage the stone. Gargoyles are basically intricately carved water spouts that function like elaborate gutters to draw water away from the limestone walls.
In medieval times, these carved down spouts were originally designed to repel evil spirits. Their function is actually more practical, and allowed stone carvers to apply an artistic and whimsical element to the Cathedral’s architecture. The Cathedral has 112 functioning gargoyles.
Grotesques are carved elements, but do not act as traditional water spouts. The more than 1,000 grotesques also help protect the stone; when rain drops bounce off their heads or noses, that helps keep the water away from the walls. Grotesques range from angels to animals to the most popular, a likeness of Darth Vader that was carved in 1986 as part of a children’s contest.
Pinnacles
Sure, pinnacles are decorative and intricately carved, but they also serve a key purpose in Gothic architecture.
A pinnacle is an architectural ornament that forms the cap, or crown, of a buttress or small turret. A pinnacle looks like a small spire. In addition to adding to the loftiness and verticality of the structure, the pinnacles are very heavy and enable the flying buttresses to counteract the weight of the vaulted ceiling and roof. By adding compressive stress (a result of the pinnacle weight), the building’s load is shifted downward rather than sideways.
Finials are the topmost portion of a pinnacle, often sculpted as a leaf-like ornament with an upright stem and a cluster of crockets – imagine a stem of brussel sprouts, and you’ll get the idea. Crockets are projected pieces of carved stone that decorate the sloping ridges of pinnacles. The carved shapes of these elements help move rainwater down while keeping the water from the roof or walls.
More than 75 percent of the Cathedral’s pinnacles were damaged in the 2011 earthquake as the seismic waves traveled up through the building and rotated the elegant pinnacle stones in different directions.
Stained glass windows
Prior to Gothic architecture, most churches were built with heavy thick walls and small windows. Gothic architecture allowed the walls to be thinner and to rise higher, and opened vast expanses for dramatic windows that could be used to convey visual representations of biblical teachings.
The Cathedral contains more than 200 stained glass windows of all shapes and sizes. The windows are grouped in various themes, such as professions, heroes of church history, stories of the Hebrew Scriptures and the humanities. Style range from classical to more modern and impressionistic, and often reflect artistic sensibilities of the era in which they were designed and installed.
Many windows at the Cathedral overlay stories of biblical history and American history; the Job window, for example, depicts human suffering against the backdrop of a military cemetery. Images of the White House, U.S. Capitol and Supreme Court appear in large clerestory windows that pair the development of the Hebrew nation with the American people.
Tympanum
A Tympanum is the triangle-shaped area above a door that is set within a Gothic arch. Here at the Cathedral, many of the tympanum entrances are intricately carved with different motifs: the main portals on the West front depict the creation of humanity, day and night; the north porch honors women and the Virgin Mary; the South porch depicts pilgrims and saints gathered around the Last Supper; and an interior tympanum dedicated to the Civil War features Northern and Southern hands grasping an olive branch in a quest for peace.
Vaulted ceiling
The vaulted ceiling provides support for the airy roof, but also spells out the theological underpinnings of the Christian faith.
Look seven stories up and you’ll be amazed by a central architectural feature of Gothic cathedrals, the vaulted ceiling, which transmits the weight of the roof and walls across delicate ribs and down the heavy trunks of stone piers.
Washington National Cathedral displays a range of vault styles, from simple barrel and groin vaults in the crypt to elaborate fan vaulting in Children’s Chapel. Most of the nave features ribbed vaulting, which is designed to be both elegant, simple and functional. The weight and downward thrust of the vaulted ceiling is dispersed to the piers, or columns, and outward through the walls to buttresses, which carry the weight down into the ground.
Insights, advice, suggestions, feedback and comments from experts
As an expert in Gothic architecture, I can confidently say that Gothic architecture originated in France and gained immense popularity throughout Europe from the 12th century to the 15th century. Before Gothic architecture, most churches were built in the Romanesque style, characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches. However, Gothic architecture revolutionized church design by introducing elements that allowed for larger, taller structures filled with vibrant light from expansive stained glass windows.
One remarkable example of Gothic architecture is the Washington National Cathedral, which is the sixth-largest cathedral in the world and was built in a 14th-century English Gothic design. Its construction was influenced by the belief of the first Episcopal bishop of Washington, the Right Rev. Henry Yates Satterlee, that Gothic was God's preferred architectural style.
Gothic churches are typically built facing West and are shaped like a cross. The central part of the Cathedral is called the nave, while the two arms of the cross are called transepts, and the head of the cross is called the apse.
One of the most visually distinct features of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch, which is used in various architectural elements such as arched ceilings, door frames, and large windows. Pointed arches were not exclusive to Gothic architecture, as they were used earlier in Islamic and Middle Eastern architecture. The loftiness of these pointed arches draws the eye upward, contributing to the verticality and soaring heights characteristic of the Gothic style. Arched Gothic windows often contain individual vertical panes called lancets, named after the pointed devices used in medicine.
Another significant element of Gothic architecture is the use of round boss stones in vaulted ceilings. These boss stones, located in the center of the arch, function as keystones to support the immense weight of the ceiling. The Washington National Cathedral boasts an impressive 762 boss stones, with the largest one weighing 5 tons. These boss stones are intricately carved and display theological statements from the Nicene Creed and Apostles' Creed, reflecting the Cathedral's theological backbone.
Flying buttresses are another iconic feature of Gothic church architecture. These buttresses resist the outward push of the interior arches and vaulted ceilings, redirecting those forces downward into the ground. Flying buttresses consist of a massive vertical masonry pier on the outside of the building, connected to the wall of the Cathedral by an arch. They allow the weight of the roof and vaulted ceiling to be transferred to the ground, preventing the walls from being pushed outward.
Gargoyles and grotesques are also prominent in Gothic architecture. Gargoyles serve as intricately carved water spouts that divert water away from the walls to protect the stone from damage caused by water seepage. Grotesques, on the other hand, do not function as water spouts but help protect the stone by causing raindrops to bounce off their heads or noses, keeping the water away from the walls. The Washington National Cathedral boasts 112 functioning gargoyles and over 1,000 grotesques, including a famous carving of Darth Vader created in 1986 as part of a children's contest.
Pinnacles, which resemble small spires, serve both decorative and functional purposes in Gothic architecture. These architectural ornaments form the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret. Pinnacles add to the verticality of the structure and counteract the weight of the vaulted ceiling and roof. Finials, the topmost portion of a pinnacle, are often sculpted as leaf-like ornaments with upright stems and clusters of carved stone crockets. Crockets are projected pieces of carved stone that decorate the sloping ridges of pinnacles, helping to move rainwater down while keeping it away from the roof or walls.
Stained glass windows are a hallmark of Gothic architecture. Prior to Gothic architecture, churches had heavy thick walls and small windows. Gothic architecture allowed for thinner walls and higher structures, creating vast expanses for dramatic windows that visually represented biblical teachings. The Washington National Cathedral boasts over 200 stained glass windows of various shapes and sizes, grouped in different themes such as professions, heroes of church history, stories from Hebrew Scriptures, and the humanities. These windows range in style from classical to modern and impressionistic, reflecting the artistic sensibilities of the era in which they were designed and installed. Many of the Cathedral's stained glass windows overlay stories of biblical history with American history, showcasing the development of the Hebrew nation alongside the American people.
Tympanum, a triangle-shaped area above a door within a Gothic arch, is another architectural feature found in the Washington National Cathedral. The tympanum entrances are intricately carved with different motifs, each representing a specific theme. For example, the main portals on the West front depict the creation of humanity, day and night, while the north porch honors women and the Virgin Mary. The South porch depicts pilgrims and saints gathered around the Last Supper, and an interior tympanum dedicated to the Civil War features Northern and Southern hands grasping an olive branch in a quest for peace.
Finally, the vaulted ceiling of the Washington National Cathedral is a central architectural feature that provides support for the roof. The weight of the roof and walls is transmitted across delicate ribs and down the stone piers. The Cathedral showcases a variety of vault styles, from simple barrel and groin vaults in the crypt to elaborate fan vaulting in the Children's Chapel. Most of the nave features ribbed vaulting, which is both elegant and functional. The weight and downward thrust of the vaulted ceiling are dispersed to the piers and outward through the walls to the buttresses, which carry the weight down into the ground.
In conclusion, Gothic architecture is a magnificent and influential style that revolutionized church design in Europe. Its elements, such as pointed arches, boss stones, flying buttresses, gargoyles and grotesques, pinnacles, stained glass windows, tympanum entrances, and vaulted ceilings, continue to captivate and inspire awe in people today. The Washington National Cathedral stands as a testament to the enduring beauty and significance of Gothic architecture.
